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Biografier.

WANGERSTEEN, OVE ANDREAS.

Död 1763.
Norsk officer och kartograf. Han började i militär tjänst ca. 1743 och blev eldledare vid 'Christiansanske artillerikompaniet' 1745. 1750 blev han förflyttad till 'Akershusiske artillerikompaniet', 1753 blev han styckjunkare, 1755 artillerilöjtnant i Fredrikstad och 1759 kapten. Han var en av pionjärerna som kämpade för en självständig norsk kartografi, men arbetade dessvärre under mycket knappa förhållanden. Det kan nämnas att han 1761 fick 400 riksdaler i förskott för gravering av sin Norgekarta. Beloppet skulle betalas tillbaka så snart han fick möjlighet.


Ovenstad.

CARY, JOHN.

1754-1835.
Engelsk förläggare och kartograf. Cary var en företagsam förlagsbokhandlare som 1787 började ge ut små och billiga kartor över engelska landområden. 1794 fick han i uppdrag av 'Postmaster General' att utarbeta nya vägkartor över England. Dessa följdes av 'General Atlas of the World' (1808 och 1811) och 'New universal Atlas'. Han räknas som en av de främsta engelska kartograferna. Firman G. & J. Cary gav även ut resehandböcker, glober, stjärnkartor, geologiska kartor, matematiska instrument, mikroskop etc.


Bland arbeten.
General Atlas of the World.
New universal Atlas.


Lynam. - Tooley.

VISSCHER, NICOLAS.

1649-1709.
Sonson till Claes Visscher.

Nicolaes I werd opgevolgd door zijn zoon Nicolaes II. Hij verkreeg in 1682-1683 een zelfde soort octrooi als zijn vader. Er is een catalogus bekend uit die jaren die veel duidelijk maakt over het soort materiaal die de uitgeverij aanbood. Slechts 10 % bestond uit kaarten, de rest had betrekking op prentwerk. De Visschers zagen hun winkel in de eerste plaats als een kunsthandel, maar er was ook een grote keus aan kaarten voorhanden. De catalogus vermeldt ook de grote wandkaarten waarvan er weinig bewaard zijn gebleven.

Atlas-uitgaven van Nicolaes II:

Atlas Minor” uit 1683.
Germania Inferior” uit 1684.
Stoel des Oorlogs in Nederland” uit 1694.

De “Atlas Minor” was niet zo klein als gelijknamige atlassen uit die tijd. De uitgave was op folio formaat (ongeveer het huidige A4) en bevatte tussen de 60 en 150 kaarten. Wat Visscher’s uitgaven onderscheidt van die van hun concurrenten is hun nadruk op het uitbeelden van de oorlogshandelingen uit die dage...
Bland arbeten.
Atlas Minor, uit 1683.
Germania Inferior, uit 1684.
Stoel des Oorlogs in Nederland, uit 1694.


Amiral Häggs flaggkarta. - Stockholm 1888.


'Carte du Cours de la Riviere de Tunquin...' - Bellin 1750-talet.

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NICOLAUS GERMANUS.

Often called 'Donis' from a misapprehension of the title 'Donnus' or 'Donus' an abbreviated form of 'Dominus.
A fifteenth-century cartographer, place of birth, and date of birth and death unknown. The first allusion to him of authentic date is an injunction of Duke Borso d'Este (15 March, 1466) to his referendary and privy counselor, Ludovico Casella, at Ferrara, to have the 'Cosmographia of Don Nicolò' thoroughly examined and then to determine a recompense for it. The duke, on the thirtieth of the same month, called upon his treasurers for 100 florins in gold 'to remit as a mark of his appreciation to Donnus Nicolaus Germanus for his excellent book entitled 'Cosmographia''. On 8 April, 1466, the duke again drew thirty golden florins to present to the Rev. Nicolaus, who 'in addition to that excellent Cosmography' (ultra illud excellens Cosmographie opus) had dedicated to the duke a calendar made to cover many years to come ('librum tacuini multorum annorum'). The 'Cosmographia' as preserved in the Bibliotheca Estensis at Modena comprises a Latin translation of the Geography of Ptolemy with maps. The version of the geographical text is substantially the same as that dedicated in 1410 to Pope Alexander V by Jacopo Angelo, a Florentine. In the execution of the maps, however, Nicolaus, instead of adhering to the flat projection of Ptolemy, chose what is known as the 'Donis-projection', because first worked out by him, in which the parallels of latitude are equi- distant, but the meridians are made to converge towards the pole. He likewise introduced new modes in delineating the outlines of countries and oceans, mountains and lakes, as well as in the choice of cartographic proportions. He reduced the awkward size to one which was convenient for use; the obscure and often unattractive mode of presentation he replaced by one both tasteful and easily intelligible; he endeavored to revise obsolete maps in accordance with later information and to supplement them with new maps. While his first recension embraced only the twenty-seven maps of Ptolemy (one map of the world, ten special maps of Europe, four of Africa, twelve of Asia), the second comprised thirty (including in addition modern maps of Spain, Italy, and the Northern countries: Sweden, Norway, and Greenland). The last-named enlarged recension he dedicated as priest to Pope Paul II (1464-71). He dedicated to the same pontiff his third recension, containing thirty-two maps, adding modern maps of France and the Holy Land. The works of the German cartographer were of great value in diffusing the knowledges of Ptolemy's Geography. The first recension, probably the very copy in the Lenox Library (New York), is the basis of the Roman editions of Ptolemy bearing the dates 1478, 1490, and 1507; on the third, certainly the copy preserved in Wolfegg Castle, are based the Ulm editions of 1482 and 1486. By combining the Roman and Ulm editions Waldseemüller produced the maps of Ptolemy in the Strasburg edition of 1513, which was frequently copied. The modern map of the Northern countries, made by Claudius Clavus, which Nicolaus embodied in his second recension of Ptolemy, was perhaps the source of the Zeni map which had such far-reaching influence, and likewise of the maritime charts of the Canerio and Cantino type. The revised map of the Northern countries in the third recension of Nicolaus, which placed Greenland north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, was a powerful factor in cartography for a century, especially as Waldseemuller gave the preference to this representation in his world and wall map of 1507, 'the baptismal certificate of America'. Because of these and other services to geography and cartography, as for example, by the revision of Buondelmonte's 'Insularium', it would be desirable to have it established whether Nicolaus was really, as I conjecture, a Benedictine father of the Badia at Florence.
(FISCHER, Nicolaus Germanus in Entdeckungen der Normannen in Amerika (Freiburg, 1902), 75-90, 113 sqq. (Eng. tr., London, 1903), 72-86, 108 sqq.)

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